Unemployment Satire Free Essays

Unemployment rates are skyrocketing. According to the Internet, 12% of the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment Satire or any similar topic only for you Order Now population is unemployed. Unemployment not only effects the lives of the unemployed, but their families and communities too. The stress of unemployment can lead to declines in individual and family well-being and could potentially effect the outcomes of their children. Widespread unemployment in neighborhoods reduces resources, which may result in inadequate and low-quality housing, and underfunded schools. The question Americans everywhere are wondering: Whose to blame for all this long term employment? The people or the government? The fault is not that of the government, it is that of the people. The blame for long term employment should fall on the shoulders of those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. However, people suffering from Lazy Syndrome cannot help their chronic laziness and unwillingness to get a job. Many are unaware they even suffer from this disease until it is too late. The major symptoms of this disease are: not wanting to leave the couch, feeling inclined to put off work, and wishing to stay home and do nothing. Because of these symptoms, acquiring a job seems like too much effort and is often put off. Many high-paying jobs will refuse to hire them if they suffer from this disease. One study shows that people suffering from Lazy Syndrome have a whopping 50% chance of being unemployed. Even if they can acquire a job, studies show that men and women with this disease earn 15-20% less than those who are not infected. Seymour Butts, a professor of justice at the University of Colorado, is starting a law firm called LazyCase to protest against lazy discrimination. The Discrimination Act of 1966 provides legal protections for gender equality, race equality, pregnant women equality, and so much more! With a short extension of this act, people suffering from chronic laziness could make a living despite their disease limitations. Mr. Butts and his extremely intelligent colleague Wee Tard have already made legal protections in counties in Alaska, Alabama, and Arkansas. One customer, Ben Dover, happily stated â€Å"Going to LazyCase was the best decision of my life. LazyCase helped me get a high paying government job where I can continue to do nothing but still get payed! †. I will now humbly propose my own thoughts on the solution to unemployment as well as the solution to the discrimination against those suffering from Lazy Syndrome. I suggest that every unemployed person gets evaluated at the local doctor’s office in order to determine whether or not they are suffering from Lazy Syndrome. If that is the case (which it most likely will be), I suggest you confide in LazyCase. For first, stopping discrimination against the lazy not only benefits the lives of those suffering from chronic laziness, but it benefits the entire system of America. LazyCase provides the most radical and effective solution to unemployment. Because a significant amount of people with the lazy disability are unemployed, if given more rights and protections for getting jobs, unemployment rates would drop 70% according to prediction expert Harry Azzol. Secondly, LazyCase would improve the lives of the unemployed. Individuals who do not face unemployment report better mental health and more life satisfaction than those who experience unemployment and are under a lot of financial stress. Therefore, the world would be filled with much happier people, making it a much better place. Thirdly, LazyCase is extremely affordable (which is necessary because the unemployed are not loaded with cash). For the all time low price of five payments of 99. 89 dollars, Seymour Butts and his employees will personally take a stand at court and get their customer the money (and job) they deserve. The question everyone is wondering: How? Well, Seymour Butts and Wee Tard have come up with an evolutionary scheme to win at court. New tactics such as being extremely beautiful or using large words to validate your story have produced great results. These tactics are guaranteed to work EVERY TIME, 60 percent of the time! Lastly, LazyCase would solve the problems the unemployed cause for communities. Inadequate and low-quality housing and underfunded schools would no longer be an issue because the unemployed would now have a job to finance these funds. Studies show that unemployed persons also report less neighborhood belonging than their employed counterparts, which would reduce neighborhood safety and community well-being. With the lazy being provided with jobs, they will likely be too distracted to disrupt the community. LazyCase is a nonprofit organization with the sole purpose of helping the people. None of the employees at LazyCase suffer from Lazy Syndrome so these protections aren’t benefitting the company, they are benefitting your fellow Americans. How to cite Unemployment Satire, Papers

The Hobbit Chapter 11 free essay sample

DEFINITIONS 1.Ominous: Giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen. 2.Promontory: A point of high land that juts out into a large body of water. 3.Vagabond: A person who wanders from place to place without a home or job. 4.Enmity: The state or feeling of being actively opposed or hostile to someone or something. 5.Disembarked: Leave a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle. 6.Waning: (Of the moon) have a progressively smaller part of its visible surface illuminated, so that it appears to decrease in size. 7.Lintel: A horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window. QUESTIONS 1.It is easier for the men of the lake-town to believe in Smaug rather then Thorin and company in the middle of the wild because Smaug is a real threat and is a real thing- he has terrorized the lake-town before and has flown all around. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hobbit Chapter 11 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thorin is much more mysterious and a newcomer to the land after his grandfather’s and father’s was taken by Smaug. 2.The men of the lake-town refused to stay overnight where the dwarves disembarked because it was in the Lonely Mountain’s shadow. 3.The surroundings that the company trekked through (also known as the Desolation of the Dragon) had little grass, neither bush nor tree, and broken and blackened stumps. 4.The dwarf that informs Bilbo that he was in Dale the day the dragon attacked was Balin. 5.Bilbo and his companions discovered some things on their scouting expedition such as: †¢Finding rough steps that lead upward †¢Finding traces of a narrow track †¢They found an entrance into the Lonely Mountain but the company was unable to open it. 6.Bilbo finally begins to take a leadership role in the company because he begins to make important decisions that change the quest drastically and he is reliable and uses the Ring to his advantage that helps him tremendously. 7.Bilbo finally unlocks the secret to the door by remembering what Elrond said in Rivendell: ‘Stand by the grey stone when the thrush knocks, and the setting sun with the last night of Durin’s Day will shine upon the key-hole. Bilbo then gets the key and slips it into the widening crack in the door and the door opens.

Jazz Healing Power in Sonnys Blues free essay sample

Jazz Healing Power According to Sonnys Older Brother in Sonnys Blues James Baldwin sets Sonnys Blues in Harlem around the 1 asss. He paints a picture of a place where poverty Is rampant In contrast with other places close by where people were rich and lived in fancy homes. This contrast is demonstrated during the taxi ride the brothers take alongside Central Park. In Harlem, the housing projects abound and the playgrounds are popular with children who dont play at Jacks, or skip rope, or roller skate, or wing, and they can be found In It after ark (Baldwin 42).Harems cultural development relates to the peoples need to find a way to express their feelings and perhaps their pain. Music has a strong hold on both the story and the life in Harlem. Although there are other arts which are used therapeutically, Baldwin focus Is on the Jazzs progressively healing effect on both the narrator and on Sonny on Sonny Blues. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz Healing Power in Sonnys Blues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The music has surrounded the narrator his whole life but he does not have a clear understanding of its significance for Sonny or for other people. He listens to the music but does not relate to It.After class, he listens to a boy whistling as if it was the first time In his life he listens to whistling. The melody seems to him to be pouring out of him And it sounded very cool and moving Just holding its own (Baldwin 37). He feels the music but does not experience the deep feeling Sonny expresses about It yet. His knowledge of Jazz is very limited and he is not touched by It. Before their mothers death she talks to him about their fathers brother who was a musician and about his death. She also asks him to look out for Sonny but him even though he promises to do it, he forgets his promise.This promise later in life causes the narrator to fell that he failed Sonny the narrators and Sonnys relationship goes through a lot of strain because they do not have a connection, they Like different things having nothing in common. Sonny involvement with jazz and later with drugs reaffirms the narrators feelings against jazz. The narrator finds that his brother has been arrested for heroin peddling while reading about it on the newspaper on his way to school where he taught. The news affected him because Sonny was a jazz musician.The narrators opinion is that jazz musicians fall into the name category of the people his father used to call good time people (Baldwin 46), people who hangs around night clubs, clowning around on bandstands, while people pushed each other around a dance floor (Baldwin 46). The narrator begins to analyze what went wrong with sonny after his arrest. He thinks that sonny was trying to kill himself by using drugs and that the drug use is somehow linked to jazz. While both the narrator and Sonny had been soldiers, the narrator returned and became a teacher while Sonny became a Jazz musician.This difference caused even more strain In an already almost not existent relationship. The narrator refuses to listen to his brother play jazz and Sonny in turn finds a more understanding crowd in his drug using friends which ultimately leads to his arrest. The narrator listens to a woman I OFF the people through a window observing both the singers and the watchers feeling the strangeness of the situation. He observes that even though it is not the first time of a street revival been done, still it has an effect on the people.He sees a change take place in them when they are touched by the music. The narrator senses that they know who they are, where they come from, and what they have gone through in heir life. The woman singer sings a song about salvation. He feels that they do not believe in what the song say because they do not believe in the holiness of the three sisters and the brother [they were] divided by very little (Baldwin 51). Besides they have not being rescued from their misery, they have not seen much in the way of rescue work being done around them (Baldwin 51).While he is standing still by the window, Sonny is on the street with the crowd, actively listening to the revival. Sonny leaves the revival and arrives at the narrators apartment while the narrator is still incisive and begins to attempt to communicate with the narrator leading to a heart to heart conversation between them. The narrator makes a conscious attempt to listen because something told me that I should curb my tongue, that Sonny was doing his best to talk, that I should listen Baldwin 53). Sonny tells him that when he was listening to the woman singing something struck me all of a sudden how much suffering she must have gone through-to sing like that. Its repulsive to think you have to suffer (Baldwin 53). The narrator questions Sonny about this point when he responds But theres no way not to suffer-is there, Sonny? Baldwin 53). The street revival and the conversation with Sonny make the narrator to want to understand the significance of the music. When Sonny asks him to go to the club to listen to him play jazz, he accepts marking the beginning of his enlightenment.At the club, he listens to Sonny play Jazz noticing that he and the piano stammered (Baldwin 57) when he began to play. The narrator pays close attention for the first time; he observes the change coming over Sonny and the other music players. He sees them establish real communication between them, reach an understanding beyond words. Sonny comes more intense, more involved and this change brings on a change on the narrator. He begins to grasp the emotions involved in Jazz.Creole, the band leader hits something in all of them, he hit something in me, myself and the music tightened and deepened they were not about anything very new [they] were keeping it new at the risk of ruin, destruction, madness, and death, in order to find new ways to make us listen. For while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard (Baldwin 57). The narrator begins to understand the healing power of Jazz thinking that the Ochs had shifted to Sonny and Sonnys relationship with it when he says Listen, Creole seemed to be saying, listen.Now these are Sonnys blues (Baldwin 57). The narrators understanding deepens when he say l seemed to hear with what burning he had made it his, with what burning we had yet to make it ours Freedom lurked around us and I understood, at last that he could help us to be free if we would listen And he was giving it back, as everything must be given back, so that, passing through death, it can live forever And it brought something else back to me, and aired me past it and carried me past it. The narrator sums all his emotions and his complete understanding of Jazz healing power when he says And I was yet aware that trouble stretched above us, longer than the sky (Baldwin 58). Sonnys change has a direct effect on the narrators change. He finally grasps what Sonny has tried to tell him before, that Jazz has a strong healing power for the pain and suffering not only him but for the narrator too if he would be willing to rid himself of the prejudices and open his mind to hear and be carried away to be healed by the power of Jazz.

Service Dominant Logic of Marketing System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Service Dominant Logic of Marketing System. Answer: Introduction Marketing is a vast concept. Application of rational thinking in the execution of the marketing activities helps the personnel to expand the scope and arena of the business. As a matter of specification, the assignment looks into the marketing environment of company and organizations like Nintendo (Hollensen, 2015). The focus of the assignment is on the marketing of video game console offer for 3DS XL. Brief insight into the micro and macro environment enhances the clarity of the readers in terms of the business operations of such video game companies. Along with this, insight into competitors reflects the attempt of the personnel regarding the achievement of large number of customers (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). With its headquarters in Kyoto, Nintendo has achieved accolades and glory by serving quality electronics to the customers. This has been possible due to the presence of 5166 skilled and efficient employees. Among these, the major attraction is the video games for the children. The company is public, traded as TYO: 7974. The company operates under video game industry and consumer electronics (Nintendo.com, 2017). As per the annual report of 2017, the annual revenue is 489.095 billion yen. The operating income recorded is 29.362 billon yen. The profit generation through the sale of the electronic goods and video games is 102.574 billion yen. The total assets and liabilities of Nintendo is 1.469 trillion yen and 1.251 billion yen respectively. The subsidiaries of Nintendo are 1 UP Studio, Monolith Soft, Nd cube, Retro Studios and iQue. Microsoft x-box is one of the efficient competitors of Nintendo. Manufacturing wide range of home video games intensifies the competition with Nintendo in terms of luring the child customers with wide-ranging video games. Along with this, Sony is also one of the potential competitors of Nintendo (Perreault, Cannon McCarthy, 2013). Play stations of Sony acts as a threat of substitutes for Nintendo in terms of attracting the customers with modern accessories along the games. Nintendo caters to the needs, demands and requirements of customers from all age groups. For this, the personnel abide by the psychological and behavioral segmentation. This is in terms of serving quality and branded products according to the purchasing power of the stakeholders. 3DS XL would cater to the customers, who are very passionate towards adventure (Babin Zikmund, 2015). Factors like income of the customers, fluctuation in prices of the spare parts and inflation pose as an obstacle for Nintendo personnel in terms of setting prices for the customers. Even if the prices of the video games are set, it is very difficult for the middle class customers to purchase the video games and the electronic goods. Along with this, the harsh and orthodox tax regulations stall the import and export activities, which deprive the foreign customers from possessing their branded goods and video games (Armstrong et al., 2015). Prior to the release of the 3DS XL, the personnel need to indulge in meetings with the trade union members for stabilizing the financial parameter. Adherence to the legislations like Data Protection Act (1998) would help the personnel of Nintendo to protect the customers from falling prey to cyber crimes. Along with this, compliance with the standards of the computer Misuse Act would help the personnel to keep a track of the utilization of the systems by the stakeholders. Herein lays the importance of privacy policies and cookies, which informs the stakeholders about the steps undertaken for ensuring their wellbeing. For 3DS XL, privacy policies and cookies would be crucial in terms of protecting the children from the adult contents (Nintendo.com, 2017). Description of the target market In order to describe the wealthy urban families, there are certain specifications, which needs to be elaborated. These includes- geographic, demographic, psychographic and benefit. As a matter of specification, the game would provide a thrilling experience to the customers belonging to the age group of 28-40 years of age. Children would like the features, although they would not understand the ways and means to control the keys and play the game. Countering this, the children would also like the built up of the video game (Nintendo.com, 2017). The price of the product is $199, which aligns with the income of the middle class customers, working as lawyers, accountants and others. The customers living in the urban areas would find the video game within their budget, which provides them with enhanced opportunities to exercise their purchasing power in an efficient and effective manner. According to the surveys conducted by Nintendo personnel, the percentile of video games lovers in Australia is more than 65%. This is because most of the people suffer from stress and need entertainment to re-energize themselves (Nintendo.com, 2017). Nintendo abides by the privacy policies and the cookies, which reflect their placement of targets on the families, which possesses the basic values, are socially aware, and hold conventional traditions. Apart from this, the attributes of status, prestige, reliable would add value to the offer identified by Nintendo personnel for marketing. Before launching an offer in the market, the personnel need to think of the Unique Selling Proposition (USP). Under this, there are several factors, which the personnel need to consider- features of the product, quality, brand recognition and prestige. This is applicable for all of the companies and organizations like Nintendo (Nintendo.com, 2017). As a matter of specification, Nintendo creates strategies for progressing with the marketing of 3DS XL. One of these strategies is advertising, which would offer the brand a better placement in the market. Within this, clear description of the inbuilt features informs the customers about the specific details of the video game. Controlling feature through the c-stick helps the customers to regulate the pictures, which can be taken along with playing with the game. The additional buttons expose the children and the adults to more features of the video game. This aspect increases the quality of the product, 3DS XL. Along with this, looking into the ease of the customers through the installation of the adjustment features makes the brand a popular one within the customers, enhancing its reputation (Nintendo.com, 2017). However, amiibo creatures would be a favorite among the children. The speed of the battery is also one of the essential factors, which would determine the quality of the video game, 3DS XL. Power booster would be one of the important factors, which would determine the durability of 3DS XL. In terms of advertising, the Nintendo personnel need to take special care of the individual sentiments of the customers. Effective utilization of the privacy cookies and policies would help the personnel to avert the illegal and courtly interventions. As the product has the feature of data sharing, parental supervision would be a crucial factors in terms of safeguarding the children from falling prey into the instances of cyber crimes (Menon et al., 2015). The investigation policies upon encountering the unwanted instances reflect the conscious attitude of the personnel towards ensuring the wellbeing of the customers, especially the children as they lack the understanding of the specifications. The main aim of these brands is to achieve large-scale customer satisfaction. However, the threat of substitutes deprives the customers from possessing quality and branded products like the video games. As a matter of specification, the play stations of Sony have modern and innovative features, which is also available in the Xbox of Microsoft. This reflects internal competitions between the brands, compromising the needs, demands of the customers (Lusch Vargo, 2014). In the above positioning map, it can be detected that Microsoft Xbox games are easier to use and have high fun factor. This connotation poses as an obstacle for Nintendo to lure the customers. In comparison to Microsoft Xbox, play stations of Sony possess less fun factor and are less easy to use. This provides Nintendo with the opportunity to lure the target market with the manufacture of high quality video games. This can be explained better with the help of a position map. As per the figure, Nintendo is placed above t he axis, which is flexible enough for penetrating into foreign markets. However, the personnel need to execute evaluation for upgrading the standard and quality of the current performance. Consistency needs to be maintained in the execution of evaluation, which would make the personnel aware of the drawbacks in their performance (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). Conclusion This assignment emerges successful in providing an insight into the efficient and effective means of marketing. Insight into microenvironment enhances the clarity of the businesspersons regarding the ways and means of developing the infrastructure. This insight acts as an agent for penetrating into the external environment. However, for this, the companies and organizations need to bear in mind the factors, which obstruct the process of positioning the products in the market. In terms of 3DS XL offer, privacy cookies and policies seem effective in terms of ensuring the safety and wellbeing of the customers especially the children. All these facts possess flexibility to bestow better placement on the company and enhance its reputation even in the thresholds of foreign markets. References and Bibliography Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., Brennan, R. (2015).Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Atwal, G., Williams, A. (2017). Luxury brand marketingthe experience is everything!. InAdvances in Luxury Brand Management (pp. 43-57). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Babin, B. J., Zikmund, W. G. (2015).Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2010).Principles of marketing. Pearson education. Lusch, R. F., Vargo, S. L. (2014).The service-dominant logic of marketing: Dialog, debate, and directions. Routledge. McDonald, M., Wilson, H. (2016).Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Menon, A., Bharadwaj, S. G., Adidam, P. T., Edison, S. W. (2015). Effective Marketing Strategy-Making: Antecedents and Consequences. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 224-224). Springer, Cham. microsoft.com (2017), About us, Retrieved 22nd November 2017 from https://www.microsoft.com/en-in Nintendo.com (2017), About us, Retrieved 22nd November 2017 from https://www.nintendo.com/ Perreault Jr, W., Cannon, J., McCarthy, E. J. (2013).Basic marketing. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Scott, D. M. (2015).The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Sonymobile.com (2017), About us, Retrieved 22nd November 2017 from https://www.sonymobile.com/in/?utm_version=dfl Strauss, J. (2016).E-marketing. Routledge.

Tips For Choosing The Best Als Deped Essay Sample

Tips For Choosing The Best Als Deped Essay SampleIf you're looking for an all dept essay sample, a fast search online is all it takes to get thousands of results. You needn't have any problem finding these samples, because there are so many different authors and companies offering them.But does the als dept essay sample written by someone else look similar to yours? You might think so, and then you're probably right, but that doesn't mean it's identical. An example of a 'dubious' similarity is when the same author has written two papers with the same name.But a better example of a possible, but doubtful, similarity between an essay sample and your own is when the author uses the same word or phrase in the introduction and the conclusion. One would assume that after a one-page introduction there wouldn't be much room left for a second introduction. That doesn't make sense, but it is something of a standard practice.Another example of a doubtful comparison is the same author using the same exact words in the first paragraph of his or her essay. Of course you know that people use very different terms, but isn't it strange that you've noticed that? And, once again, this is nothing more than a common practice.If the author has used that word or phrase in the last sentence of the second paragraph, then it is likely he or she has included it intentionally for emphasis. The word or phrase is often part of a thesis statement, and it may be easy to miss the emphasis if the writer simply inserts it at the end of the sentences. But because it is so common, it is more likely to show up at the end of a sentence in the same way as, 'This thesis contains the following...'When writers do this, they can make their word or phrase stand out and add emphasis. It's just a matter of understanding how the writer wants to make his or her points.However, there are ways to tell if an essay sample or a sample essay is really close to what you wrote. You can ask a professional editor to lo ok at the sample and tell you if the words are similar enough to read your way. While they can't provide you with a 100% positive answer, a word here and a word there should be similar enough to give you an idea about the similarity.So when choosing an all dept essay samples, remember not to believe every article that offers you one. A professional editor would know this and would make sure the sample was the one you wanted.

Report on Strategic Human Resource Management

An Analysis of Transformational Leadership free essay sample

An Analysis of Transformational Leadership BSP045 Work Psychology B010898 Cheng Chen Introduction Since the early 1980s, there has been an explosion of interest on transformational leadership among scholars and managers. It is shown with evidence that the desire and effectiveness of transformational leadership style are universal (Den Hartog, et al. , 1999, and Bass, et al. 2006). This leadership style, as its name implies, is a process which tends to change and transform individuals (Northouse, 2004). To help followers grow and develop into leaders, transformational leaders respond to individual followers’ needs and empower them (Bass, et al. 2006). It is also concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals (Northouse, 2004). Recently, some researchers (Charbonnier-Voirin, et al. , 2010) mentioned that transformational leaders might have a desire to customize coaching, which could be conducted through telling each associate’s unique capability and intelligence and inspiring each person’s innovation and critical thinking. The topic area has been widely discussed and analysed from many different sources and as such provides an interesting topic area to research and discuss further. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of Transformational Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This report will briefly introduce and outline the development of transformational leadership concept and theory, then examine the conceptual and empirical validity of transformational leadership in a global context. Initially, this report will begin with defining key terms in transformational leadership, compared with transactional leadership and other relevant concepts, in order to better understand the context of the text which will be covered. The Bass’s transformational model of leadership including its four components and the instrument relating to it, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), will then be reviewed. After that, both at conceptual and empirical level, analysis will be conducted to evaluate to what extent this model can help with the successful management of people at work, especially in cross-cultural environment. Finally, a summary will be conducted and further implications of findings will be suggested. Transformational Leadership Model and Measurement Although Downton first created the term â€Å"transformational leadership† in 1973, not until 1978 when the political sociologist James MacGregor Burns’ book named Leadership was published, this approach had been emerged with its importance. In his work, Burns (1978) distinguished transactional and transformational leadership. The former one focuses on the social exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers, for example, politicians leading by â€Å"exchanging one thing for another: jobs for votes, or subsides for campaign contributions† (Burns 1978). On the other hand, the latter one refers to the process whereby an individual stimulates and inspires others and creates a connection that leads to an improvement of motivation, morality and capability in both leaders and followers (Northouse, 2004). At the same time, House (1976) coined a theory of charismatic leadership which received a widely attention in leadership academic world (Hunt and Conger, 1999). Later, this concept is often used as a similar term of transformational leadership. As House suggested, charismatic leaders act in unique ways and as personal characteristics affecting their followers. The specific characteristics include being dominant, self-confident, moral and so on (Northouse, 2004). A more expanded and refined version of transformational leadership was provided by Bass in 1985, which to some extent was based on the prior works of Burns (1978) and House (1976) (Northouse, 2004). Bass (2006) highlighted that, â€Å"to engage the follower in true commitment and involvement in the effort at hand†, leaders must deal with the follower’s sense of self-esteem, which was what transformational leadership went beyond the social exchange in transactional style. He also emphasized that although charismatic leadership was to a large extent in common with transformational leadership, the former was only part of the latter. As refinements made in both the conceptualization and measurement of transformational leadership, Bass (2006) summarized that, to achieve superior results, transformational leadership is a combination of four measurable components: Idealized Influence (charisma), Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized Consideration. In order to measure these behaviours, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was developed and identified the four factors (Bass and Avolio, 1990): ?Idealized Influence (charisma): Acting as strong role models for followers, transformational leaders behave in ways that make them being â€Å"admired, respected and trusted† and â€Å"extraordinarily capable, persistent, and determined†, which make their followers want to emulate them. Inspirational Motivation: Transformational leaders articulate a vision appealing for followers and motivate and inspire them by providing task meaning, communicating optimism and enthusiasm for a future orientation. ?Intellectual Stimulation: Transformational leaders stimulate followers to be creative and innovative, to doubt assumptions, to apply old problem solutions in new means. ?Individualized Consideration: Transformational leaders provide a supportive climate by paying attention to each follower’s needs and desires. They actively help followers grow through personal challenges and create new opportunities for their potential development (Alimo-Metcalfe, Alban-Metcalfe, 2002). Two transactional components are also included in the MLQ: ?Contingent reward: Approved follower actions, which mean that followers finish what needs to be done, are rewarded with the payoffs for doing it, and disapproved actions are punished because of the opposite behaviours as an exchange process between leaders and followers. ?Management by exception: Corrective transactional dimensions. Active management by exception is the behaviour that a leader monitors followers closely for mistakes and intervenes with corrective direction. Passive form involves correction only after requirements have not been met or problems emerge. On the active-passive leadership continuum, the full range places transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership, of which the last one represents the absence of leadership. Originally from French, â€Å"laissez-faire† is a phrase which implies a â€Å"hands-off, let-things-ride† approach. In this way, leaders take no responsibility, provide no feedback, and ignore followers’ needs (Northouse, 2004). Considering a global context and culture variation, Bass (1997) argued that transactional and transformational leadership can transcend all parts of the globe and all forms of organizations. Advantages of Transformational Leadership After a long time development and refinement, the Transformational Leadership model and instrument have been widely used, because it has several strengths as follows: First, plenty of both qualitative and quantitative studies for transformational leadership have been conducted from a wide range of perspectives. The objectives cover from outstanding leaders to multinational corporation CEOs (Northouse, 2004). A recent keywords analysis of all the articles published from 1990 to 2003 in the PsycINFO database showed that the number of studies related to transformational or charisticmatic leadership was larger than the number of all other well-known theories of leadership (e. g. , least preferred co-worker theory, path-goal theory, normative decision theory, substitutes for leadership) combined (Judge and Piccolo, 2004). Second, it is convinced that the effectiveness and validity of transformational leadership is exclusive according to numerous evidences (Yukl, 1999). It is proven in a meta-analysis of 39 studies (22 published and 17 unpublished) which used MLQ that individuals in transformational leadership styles were perceived to be more effective leaders with better work outcomes compared with the ones who exhibited only transactional leadership (Lowe, Kroeck and Sivadubramaniam, 1996). Precisely, for transformational leadership dimensions, validity for charisma was . 1 and validity for intellectual stimulation was . 60; while . 41 for contingent reward and . 05 for management by exception were analyzed for transactional leadership. Moreover, in order to explore the relative validity between transactional leadership and transformational leadership, Judge and Piccolo (2004) conducted a meta-analysis which covered the whole leadership continuum. Results showed that the validity for transformational leadership was . 44, the highest score overall, whereas the second highest validity was . 39 shown by contingent reward leadership. In addition, it is also approved that transformational leadership model is valid across different environments. Lowe, Kroeck and Sivadubramaniam (1996) have shown that either for senior or basic leaders in both public and private context, the transformational leadership findings can be endorsed. Judge and Piccolo (2004) highlighted that in various study settings, the validity of transformational leadership appears to generalize with slight differences across from business professionals, university students, the military and public participants. Third, transformational leadership have positive relationships with follower satisfaction and organization performance. Transformational leadership regards leadership as a process. By setting more challenging expectations for followers, transformational leaders motivate others â€Å"to go the extra mile† (Leong and Fischer, 2011). Followers act more prominently through the leadership process with an instrumental attribution (Bryman, 1992). Their needs and desires are more concerned by the leaders. A number of empirical findings from last century have demonstrated that charismatic, transformational and visionary leaders tend to have positive influences on their organizations and followers. The effect scores range from . 35 to . 50 for organizational performance effects and from . 40 to . 80 for effects on follower satisfaction and commitment (Fiol, et al, 1999). Another two meta-analytical studies also approve this statement (Fuller, et al, 1996; Lowe, et al 1996). More precisely, in a more recent study, Judge and Piccolo (2004) compared the correlation between transformational leadership and follower job satisfaction and the correlation between transformational leadership and organization performance. The results showed that the former relationship (. 58) is stronger than the latter one (. 23) (Judge and Piccolo, 2004). Besides, transformational leaders tend to motivate and inspire each person’s innovation and critical thinking (Charbonnier-Voirin, et al. , 2010). A new study (Wang and Zhu, 2011) has focused on the relation between transformational leadership with individual and group creativity. From the survey data which were collected from multiple means in a main city in the southern part of the U. S. A. , it is shown that there are important and positive correlations for aggregated group-level transformational leadership with group creative identity (r = . 34, p . 01), individual creative identity (r = . 20, p . 01), and individual creativity (r = . 16, p . 01). Their findings also proved that individual-level transformational leadership can improve followers’ creativity by building individuals’ creative identity (Wang and Zhu, 2011). Fourth, transformational leadership differs from other styles on the aspect of its strong emphasis on the followers’ needs, values, and morals dimension. Burns (1978) argued that transformational leaders move others by motivating them to take higher moral responsibility and by aligning their own and followers’ value systems with significant moral standards. This kind of leaders also demonstrates â€Å"high standards of ethical and moral conduct† (Avolio, 1999, p. 43). The influence of transformational leadership on ollower moral identity is fundamental and central for this theory (Bass, 1985, 1998; Bass Riggio, 2006; Bass Steidlmeier, 1999; Burns, 1978). To fill the gap of only few empirical studies examining to what extent leadership influence followers’ moral development, a study using field survey data and experimental data was newly conducted this year by Zhu, Riggio, Avolio and Sosik (2011). The descriptive statistics illustrated an important positi ve relationship between follower moral identity and transformational leadership (r = . 0, p . 01). As one of the first empirical studies that focused on the influence of transformational leadership on follower self-reported moral viewpoints, this study also discussed several practical implications. The first approach is to set high moral principles, in that case leaders tend to enhance followers’ moral identity, and consequently, follower ethical decision making and behaviours would be developed. It is also shown that leaders’ behaviours affected the level of followers’ moral identity. Therefore, the second approach is to develop transformational leadership across boundaries within the organization. An ethical climate would be built with strong moral principles and aims by transformational leaders, through setting policies, procedures and processes. A positive impact on follower moral identity, in that case, would be likely to happen (Zhu, et al, 2011). Fifth, from a practical and applicable perspective, the attributes outlined in transformational leadership and the traits included in the MLQ can provide a broad set of concepts as typical transforming leaders. These components can be utilized in several stages of Human Resource Management process, as standards of recruitment, selections and promotion, or as principles of training and development (Northouse, 2004). It is found that for low-level leaders, the process of building a vision is particularly valuable in training programs (Lowe, et al. , 1996). Additionally, some researchers believe that an expanded picture of leadership is provided by transformational leadership approach, which contains the social exchange between leaders and associates as well as the attention on needs and development of followers (Avolio, 1999; Bass, 1985). Northouse (2004) states that transformational leadership has intuitive appeal, which means that, as the way described in the transformational perspective, the leader tends to advocate change and consider growth for others, which is consistent with society’s expectation for a typical leader. Criticisms of Transformational Leadership Although transformational leadership model has been widely used and had a great contribution to the leadership literature, it also has several drawbacks: The first criticism is that its conceptual clarity has been criticised in terms of its poorly defined parameters (Northouse, 2004). Because it involved a large range of behaviours, such as creating a vision, building trust, acting as a social architect and so on, it is difficult to clearly define the parameters. Tracey and Hinkin (1998) emphasized on the overlap among the core four components (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration). Yukl (1999) also demonstrated that it is necessary to distinguish the four factors in a theoretical way. Bryman (1992) highlighted that transformational and charismatic leadership are often used as synonymous words, though, Bass (1985) has already cleared that charisma is only one component of transformational leadership. An recent study conducted by Wu, Tsui and Kinicki (2010) indicated that individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation were more suitable for behaviours at an individual level, by contrast, idealized influence and inspirational motivation are more suitable at a group level. Some other criticisms exist on the measurement of transformational leadership. The validity of MLQ has been questioned even if it has been wildly used (Tepper Percy, 1994). The time when MLQ was designed was criticized by Hunt (1996), because it was before collecting enough data on the nature of transformational leadership in qualitative and quantitative means. Hunt (1996) also stated that descriptions of leader actions and the results of behaviours were both included in the MLQ and the model failed to provide sufficient attention to the two-way respects of the relations between leader and follower. The correlations between the four factors of transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration) are very close to each other, so they has been questioned as not distinct factors (Tejeda, Scandura, Pillai, 2001). Moreover, there is no clear distinction between transactional factors and transformational factors. Hence, some of these factors are not unique to this model. Race and gender invalidity is also concerned, because the MLQ ame from interview data from 70 South African leaders, while 69 of them were white and all of them were men. However, although the measure instrument MLQ of transformational leadership has been criticized in the way it was used, the MLQ is, at the same time, developing. Versions with new, improved items have been generated as promised (Tejeda, et al, 2001). A third criticism some have made is that in a global context, cultural differences do have an effect on the factors whic h might be perceived in particular cultural settings (Alimo-Metcalfe Alban-Metcalfe, 2002). Den Hartog and other researchers (1999) had proven by study that certain attributes of transformational leadership were adoptive across cultures, while others did not; however, they believed that even if some transformational attributes might exhibit in different manners across cultures, a common preference for transformational leadership exists all over the world. Recent findings deeply explored whether transformational leadership dimensions are universal or not. A more up-to date research conducted by Leong and Fischer (2011) has found that power distance is strongly related with transformational leadership factors (? = ?. 42, p